I don't know what all this fuss is about low fat diets. I eat a high fat diet and can't put on an ounce of weight. Butter, lovely stuff, who would want margarine? Olive oil, I dunk bread in it and pour it on my toast. Hemp seed oil, yummy great for the tummy, cashews, almonds, sunflower seeds, hazelnuts, pecans all full of oil and great energy foods. Extra virgin oil means that it is extracted from the first pressing without heating above 60 degrees centigrade.
The only things you need to watch are:
Never eat "roasted, salted nuts". I used to visit the factories where they are "roasted". Peanuts, almonds, pistachios or macadamias are cleaned of all the crud that is sticking to them from the fields or being dried in someone's back yard. They pour the nuts into boiling vats of oil, deep fry them, drain the oil, spray them with 6% salt then finish them off with a glazing oil, what a way to ruin perfectly nutritious food that kept our ancestors going through the winter.
The other factor to avoid is salt. Try Meridian peanut butter, just peanuts, no salt or palm oil. Or try Wholebake original 9 seed bars, they will keep your energy levels going. Did you know that peanuts have more fibre in them weight for weight than prunes? Nuts and seeds will regulate your blood sugar levels.
Another great oil for cooking is Carotino Healthier cooking oil. It is made from red palm and rape seed oil, both very stable when heated. Stable oils do not hydrogenate when heated.
Oils are the only source of the vitamins A, E, D, and K. A helps the skin, E helps the blood and the heart, D helps the digestion and protects against diverticulitis, crohns disease and colon cancer, K helps to clot the blood and to build and replace the bones. People on fat free diets are asking for trouble.
Tuesday, 25 May 2010
Friday, 16 April 2010
The Thyroid, Hyoid bone and the scalene muscles
The thyroid gland sits just below the projection under your chin. It secretes hormones that regulate your temperature and the rate at which you burn energy. There is another gland surrounding it called the parathyroid. It secretes hormones that regulate the balance of calcium in your bloodstream. Too little and calcium is borrowed from the reserves in your bones. Too much and calcium is deposited into your bones. Above the thyroid is another U shaped bone called the hyoid. It is the only floating bone in the bone and anchors your tongue muscles. You can glide it from side to side if you hold it deep under your chin.
The hyoid is a place where we sometimes hold memories of the past. For instance if you have been accidentally "throttled" say by the chin strap of a helmet you might hold a fear of someone taking you around the neck. A skilled therapist can release that fear by gently holding the hyoid while you are in a supportive setting. There is a muscle between the hyoid and thyroid and between the thyroid and sternum / clavicle (collar bone). If you tip your head right back you can stretch the front of the neck but it will not affect the action of thyroid. However if you tip your head right back while placing the tongue on the roof of your mouth and stretching your tongue upwards you will release the tension in the muscles under your jaw. Making silly faces in the mirror by jutting your jaw out will stretch the platysma muscle that covers all of the front of your jaw. Also try placing your fingers just over your collar bone into a very tender area. Lift your jaw and turn your head. That stretches the scalene muscles. The scalenes help with upper chest breathing. The nerves and blood supply to the arms runs between the front and middle scalenes. That is called the brachial (meaning arm), plexus (meaning nerve bundle).
The hyoid is a place where we sometimes hold memories of the past. For instance if you have been accidentally "throttled" say by the chin strap of a helmet you might hold a fear of someone taking you around the neck. A skilled therapist can release that fear by gently holding the hyoid while you are in a supportive setting. There is a muscle between the hyoid and thyroid and between the thyroid and sternum / clavicle (collar bone). If you tip your head right back you can stretch the front of the neck but it will not affect the action of thyroid. However if you tip your head right back while placing the tongue on the roof of your mouth and stretching your tongue upwards you will release the tension in the muscles under your jaw. Making silly faces in the mirror by jutting your jaw out will stretch the platysma muscle that covers all of the front of your jaw. Also try placing your fingers just over your collar bone into a very tender area. Lift your jaw and turn your head. That stretches the scalene muscles. The scalenes help with upper chest breathing. The nerves and blood supply to the arms runs between the front and middle scalenes. That is called the brachial (meaning arm), plexus (meaning nerve bundle).
Tuesday, 23 March 2010
Arthritis, osteo-arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
This is a reply to someone who said that their neck felt worse after treatment.
I am really sorry to hear that your neck is feeling worse. When arthritis is present it is very hard to know how much treatment to give. In an effort to give value for money and not prolong the number of sessions, we sometimes over treat. The result can be soreness in the short term but hopefully more freedom of movement in the long term. The same applies to the shoulder. Osteoarthritis in the neck results from a loss of disc height and limited movement of the facet or gliding joints. If the facets do not move for a long time the neck starts to form osteophytes or new spurs of bone. They act like splints to limit the movement. You cannot see them except under x-ray. You need to keep your neck as mobile as possible and look at nutritional factors, including supplements. If I was suffering myself I would keep on stretching as best I can by trying to reach each shoulder with my chin and by a sort of chicken move, gliding the head back and forwards. This is active therapy. Passive therapy is to allow someone else to move the head and neck, but of course this can be painful in the short term.
Osteo means bone, -arthros means joint, -itis means inflammation.
Osteo-arthritis is essentially poor nutrition to a joint that might have been damaged by an accident, twisting or other trauma. It occurs more in weight bearing joints like the knees and the last joint in the fingers.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory condition that flares up more often under times of stress. It is a sign of an over active immune system. A number of factors can affect the immune system:
Exploring triggers in childhood might help.
Some food supplements or anti-inflammatory herbs might help. Supergest and probiodaily from Higher Nature help digestion. Astaxanthin and blackcurrant is a supplement with an anti-inflammatory action.
If I have treated someone with inflammation from sciatica for instance, I suggest that they take 1 or 2 astaxanthin a day to calm down the inflammation. Cholesterol containing plaque in the arteries could be the result of inflammation. Astaxanthin comes from the algae that flamingos eat. They obviously have a strong protection against the effects of the sun. Glucosamine is an ingredient found in the fluid in the joints. Some forms like glucosamine sulphate are poorly absorbed. Glucosamine hydrochloride is much better absorbed. Chondroitin is a large molecule that sometimes helps to work with glucosamine. One person I know found that chondroitin with manganese in it helped him. Good oils in the diet also help to repair the body. MSM is a supplement that contains sulphur. Sulphur bonds to amino acids to make quality proteins. MSM acts to repair collagen the proteins that glue the body together. Incidently be careful about steroid injections. They dramatically cut inflammation inside joint capsules, but interfere with collagen production in the tendons.
I am really sorry to hear that your neck is feeling worse. When arthritis is present it is very hard to know how much treatment to give. In an effort to give value for money and not prolong the number of sessions, we sometimes over treat. The result can be soreness in the short term but hopefully more freedom of movement in the long term. The same applies to the shoulder. Osteoarthritis in the neck results from a loss of disc height and limited movement of the facet or gliding joints. If the facets do not move for a long time the neck starts to form osteophytes or new spurs of bone. They act like splints to limit the movement. You cannot see them except under x-ray. You need to keep your neck as mobile as possible and look at nutritional factors, including supplements. If I was suffering myself I would keep on stretching as best I can by trying to reach each shoulder with my chin and by a sort of chicken move, gliding the head back and forwards. This is active therapy. Passive therapy is to allow someone else to move the head and neck, but of course this can be painful in the short term.
Osteo means bone, -arthros means joint, -itis means inflammation.
Osteo-arthritis is essentially poor nutrition to a joint that might have been damaged by an accident, twisting or other trauma. It occurs more in weight bearing joints like the knees and the last joint in the fingers.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory condition that flares up more often under times of stress. It is a sign of an over active immune system. A number of factors can affect the immune system:
- Stress, anxiety, uncertainty, major shock, sudden news or change of circumstances
- Previous exposure to allergens as a child
- Food intolerances or intolerance to bee stings, cosmetics, chemicals
- Slow recovery from a viral illness
Exploring triggers in childhood might help.
Some food supplements or anti-inflammatory herbs might help. Supergest and probiodaily from Higher Nature help digestion. Astaxanthin and blackcurrant is a supplement with an anti-inflammatory action.
If I have treated someone with inflammation from sciatica for instance, I suggest that they take 1 or 2 astaxanthin a day to calm down the inflammation. Cholesterol containing plaque in the arteries could be the result of inflammation. Astaxanthin comes from the algae that flamingos eat. They obviously have a strong protection against the effects of the sun. Glucosamine is an ingredient found in the fluid in the joints. Some forms like glucosamine sulphate are poorly absorbed. Glucosamine hydrochloride is much better absorbed. Chondroitin is a large molecule that sometimes helps to work with glucosamine. One person I know found that chondroitin with manganese in it helped him. Good oils in the diet also help to repair the body. MSM is a supplement that contains sulphur. Sulphur bonds to amino acids to make quality proteins. MSM acts to repair collagen the proteins that glue the body together. Incidently be careful about steroid injections. They dramatically cut inflammation inside joint capsules, but interfere with collagen production in the tendons.
Tuesday, 9 March 2010
Chocolate Cake Recipe Making cakes
I love making cakes. My mother taught me; she used to win the W.I. victoria sponge competition.
Here are some principles:
Here are some principles:
- Bring all of your ingredients to room temperature before you start
- Always sieve your flour and cocoa or any other powders.
- Only use baking powder that is in date. Use if for cleaning surfaces or fishy pans if it is not.
- Make the final blending in of dry ingredients very light. If doing it by hand use a metal spoon. If doing it with a processor only use the enough time to mix the ingredients.
- You can lower the sugar content by adding water. For instance 150gm sugar plus 100ml (gm) water = 250gm sugar.
- Personally I only use butter or if someone reacts to dairy, Pure margarine.
- A cake is cooked when it smells cooked, when the top dips and springs back, when a skewer comes out clean.
Here is a chocolate cake recipe
Ingredients:
250gm flour, (s.r. or plain plus 3 tsp baking powder), 240gm light, soft brown sugar, 250 gm butter, 4 eggs, 60 gm cocoa powder and half a tsp baking powder mixed, 3 tablespoons of yogurt, a dribble of real vanilla essence (half a teaspoon). 200 gm plain chocolate, raspberry jam for the filling.
Method:
Sieve the flour and cocoa (and baking powder if used). Blend the butter and sugar until smooth. Dribble in some vanilla essence. Add the eggs, blend again, Add 3 tablespoons of yogurt, blend again. Add the flour and cocoa, blend just until smooth. Spread into 2 x 20 cm (8") baking trays. Bake for about 35 minutes at 160 degrees electric (gas mark 4). Turn out onto a rack. Spread the jam between the two halves. Either dab pieces of plain chocolate onto the warm cake and spread with a palette knife, or melt the chocolate in a glass bowl over hot water and spread it. Bon apertit.
Thoughts on Iyenga and Ashtanga yoga
An enthusiastic friend encouraged me to go to an Iyenga yoga class last night. As we parked a number of people converged on the hall with trolleys or large bags, like fisherman on their way down to the lake. The hall was closely packed, warm and friendly. The teacher Sue, had just returned from India and was suffering from jet lag. She had a precise air, having been classical ballet trained. I liked her manner, very serious however, when it came to the teaching. I sweat a lot in yoga so as usual, stripped off the outer clothing for action. After 20 minutes I was cold. After an hour and a half I was glad of a woollen blanket to snuggle under for the final Shivasna or corpse pose, at the end.
Sue made some great points about warrior pose. Set up your back leg stiff and straight. Lift the toes of your front foot with your front leg straight. Then bend the front leg and place the toes down, keeping the same angle of bending. It activates the muscles in the pelvis.
At one point the teacher asked us to get ready for halasana or plough pose, then headstand. Looking around the room I felt distinctly out of place. People were tying straps around their arms and rolling up their mats in lots of foam blocks. I used to have them but most of them have gone to people with dodgy knees. Feeling like Mr Bean I folded up a tiny piece of fleece blanket as thick as it would go. Sue was obviously not happy at my intentions. She asked where my support was. I replied that we do not use them in our class. She said that it was obviously not an Iyenga class. Somehow we managed to cobble some blankets together. Doing shoulder stand with soft supports under the neck and shoulders was very uncomfortable. Newton's second law of motion says that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. If you use soft supports you cannot achieve a strong lift. If you use a firm resistance you can achieve a stronger lift.
I can see the purpose of using blocks, straps and blankets to help people who are stiff, or give beginners a start. However, pulling yourself into position with a strap for instance, takes away from the inner banda that engages your core muscles to bring you into the asana. I cannot imagine coach loads of Indian yogis still carting their trolleys to classes after years of practice.
I came home feeling like I needed some exercise before going to bed. Iyenga yoga is fantastic if you want to set up your asanas precisely, thinking through how you go into and come out of the pose. What puzzles me is that Iyenga teachers look down on movement based flow vinyasas as less precise and therefore less pure forms of yoga. I am so grateful for starting with Iyenga, but much prefer the challenge and strength involved in Ashtanga. The teachers are more accepting that we are trying hard to improve our own inner standards, not trying to meet someone else's definition of perfection. Surely yoga is an inner journey to gaining control and harmony both inside and out?
Sue made some great points about warrior pose. Set up your back leg stiff and straight. Lift the toes of your front foot with your front leg straight. Then bend the front leg and place the toes down, keeping the same angle of bending. It activates the muscles in the pelvis.
At one point the teacher asked us to get ready for halasana or plough pose, then headstand. Looking around the room I felt distinctly out of place. People were tying straps around their arms and rolling up their mats in lots of foam blocks. I used to have them but most of them have gone to people with dodgy knees. Feeling like Mr Bean I folded up a tiny piece of fleece blanket as thick as it would go. Sue was obviously not happy at my intentions. She asked where my support was. I replied that we do not use them in our class. She said that it was obviously not an Iyenga class. Somehow we managed to cobble some blankets together. Doing shoulder stand with soft supports under the neck and shoulders was very uncomfortable. Newton's second law of motion says that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. If you use soft supports you cannot achieve a strong lift. If you use a firm resistance you can achieve a stronger lift.
I can see the purpose of using blocks, straps and blankets to help people who are stiff, or give beginners a start. However, pulling yourself into position with a strap for instance, takes away from the inner banda that engages your core muscles to bring you into the asana. I cannot imagine coach loads of Indian yogis still carting their trolleys to classes after years of practice.
I came home feeling like I needed some exercise before going to bed. Iyenga yoga is fantastic if you want to set up your asanas precisely, thinking through how you go into and come out of the pose. What puzzles me is that Iyenga teachers look down on movement based flow vinyasas as less precise and therefore less pure forms of yoga. I am so grateful for starting with Iyenga, but much prefer the challenge and strength involved in Ashtanga. The teachers are more accepting that we are trying hard to improve our own inner standards, not trying to meet someone else's definition of perfection. Surely yoga is an inner journey to gaining control and harmony both inside and out?
Wednesday, 10 February 2010
Yoga Twists, fascia, DNA, the diaphragm
Twists in yoga set up a rotation in the body by using a combination of opposing forces. They are hugely beneficial for cleansing the body of toxins and for flushing blood through the organs. The spine can roughly be divided into three parts, the neck, thorax (rib cage) and the lumbar (lower back).
The vertebrae in the rib cage are designed to rotate. The vertebrae in the lumbar are designed to flex and extend. The vertebrae in the neck are designed to do both.
The junction between the ribs and the lumbar is the most mobile part of the mid back. That is where most twists gain their maximum leverage. That junction (T12 / L1) lies right behind the diaphragm and between the kidneys. The diaphragm covers the stomach, important nerves to the abdomen, the gall bladder, liver, the kidneys, the spleen and a collection vessel for lymph glands. The major organs like the liver, kidneys and spleen act as a huge reservoir for blood.
Imagine when you are doing a twist that you are doing a liver squeeze, or that you are bringing your kidneys round or lifting them. It is like squeezing a sponge over the bath and filling it again with fresh water. Healthy kidneys for instance, can pump 1.2 litres of blood in a minute. You might notice after a good yoga session that your urine is darker or more in volume. That is the flushing action of the twists.
There is however a much wider benefit to twisting. Have you ever carefully examined the fibres of a rope?
Not only the main strands are twisting but also the fibres within the strands. A twisted rope is stronger than the individual fibres. The design of the human body uses the same principles to increase strength. Let me give some examples. Your pectoral muscles run from the where the first six ribs anchor to the sternum into the front of the top of the arm bone (the humerus). The insertion lies right next to the insertion of latissimus dorsi and teres major. Both pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi insert into a very small area by twisting the fibres at the last minute. That hugely increases the strength of the muscles as a whole. Another example is the achilles tendon. The achilles connects the calf muscles, gastrocnemius and soleus into the heel bone (the calcaneus). If you examine the fibres closely you find that they are twisted like a rope. Another example is the uterus. When contractions start how does the uterus force the baby down into the small pelvis through the cervix? First of all it sets up a battering ram known as "the waters". They open the cervix and cushion the head. If a well intentioned obstetrician breaks the waters too soon the head becomes the battering ram. The muscles of the uterus itself are twisted so that when the contract the head is forced downwards taking the body with it.
Finally let's think on a microscopic scale. Looking at the structure of DNA under an electron microscope you will see a double coiled helix structure. The human body itself is built on a foundation of a twisted rope. Even water going down a plughole forms a vortex or twisting action. I have always wanted to test which way the water goes down the plughole in the Southern hemisphere compared to the Northern hemisphere. As a boy I used to stir the bath the opposite way to see if I could persuade the whirlpool to twist the other way. I used to canoe with a friend down the Serpents Tail at Llangollen in North Wales. Once when I was following him he disappeared down a hole. He said later that he saw his kayak twisting down the whirlpool ahead of him. It is a wonder that we reached adulthood.
By setting up twists in yoga using opposing forces you increase the strength of individual muscles.
I use this principle when I am treating someone with an injury, the shoulder for instance. Sometimes the fascia constricts around the muscles and squeezes them into a tight space. They cannot fully stretch. By raising the arm and twisting you can unwind the fascia. You could use that principle in a class. Don't ask the class to simply raise an arm in Utthita Parsvakonasana for example. Ask them to swing the arm in front of the body then upwards. It is much easier because it unwinds the fascia in the shoulder.
The vertebrae in the rib cage are designed to rotate. The vertebrae in the lumbar are designed to flex and extend. The vertebrae in the neck are designed to do both.
The junction between the ribs and the lumbar is the most mobile part of the mid back. That is where most twists gain their maximum leverage. That junction (T12 / L1) lies right behind the diaphragm and between the kidneys. The diaphragm covers the stomach, important nerves to the abdomen, the gall bladder, liver, the kidneys, the spleen and a collection vessel for lymph glands. The major organs like the liver, kidneys and spleen act as a huge reservoir for blood.
Imagine when you are doing a twist that you are doing a liver squeeze, or that you are bringing your kidneys round or lifting them. It is like squeezing a sponge over the bath and filling it again with fresh water. Healthy kidneys for instance, can pump 1.2 litres of blood in a minute. You might notice after a good yoga session that your urine is darker or more in volume. That is the flushing action of the twists.
There is however a much wider benefit to twisting. Have you ever carefully examined the fibres of a rope?
Not only the main strands are twisting but also the fibres within the strands. A twisted rope is stronger than the individual fibres. The design of the human body uses the same principles to increase strength. Let me give some examples. Your pectoral muscles run from the where the first six ribs anchor to the sternum into the front of the top of the arm bone (the humerus). The insertion lies right next to the insertion of latissimus dorsi and teres major. Both pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi insert into a very small area by twisting the fibres at the last minute. That hugely increases the strength of the muscles as a whole. Another example is the achilles tendon. The achilles connects the calf muscles, gastrocnemius and soleus into the heel bone (the calcaneus). If you examine the fibres closely you find that they are twisted like a rope. Another example is the uterus. When contractions start how does the uterus force the baby down into the small pelvis through the cervix? First of all it sets up a battering ram known as "the waters". They open the cervix and cushion the head. If a well intentioned obstetrician breaks the waters too soon the head becomes the battering ram. The muscles of the uterus itself are twisted so that when the contract the head is forced downwards taking the body with it.
Finally let's think on a microscopic scale. Looking at the structure of DNA under an electron microscope you will see a double coiled helix structure. The human body itself is built on a foundation of a twisted rope. Even water going down a plughole forms a vortex or twisting action. I have always wanted to test which way the water goes down the plughole in the Southern hemisphere compared to the Northern hemisphere. As a boy I used to stir the bath the opposite way to see if I could persuade the whirlpool to twist the other way. I used to canoe with a friend down the Serpents Tail at Llangollen in North Wales. Once when I was following him he disappeared down a hole. He said later that he saw his kayak twisting down the whirlpool ahead of him. It is a wonder that we reached adulthood.
By setting up twists in yoga using opposing forces you increase the strength of individual muscles.
I use this principle when I am treating someone with an injury, the shoulder for instance. Sometimes the fascia constricts around the muscles and squeezes them into a tight space. They cannot fully stretch. By raising the arm and twisting you can unwind the fascia. You could use that principle in a class. Don't ask the class to simply raise an arm in Utthita Parsvakonasana for example. Ask them to swing the arm in front of the body then upwards. It is much easier because it unwinds the fascia in the shoulder.
Tuesday, 9 February 2010
Muscle Spasm
Why do muscles sometimes go into spasm? There are lots of reasons:
Muscles are tiny spindles linked together by proteins that slide over each other. They are enclosed in a bag or sheath called fascia. It is the whitish elastic stuff that you see if you carve a leg or shoulder of lamb.
Muscles spindles need a nerve supply and nutrition. The nerve endings form a kind of flower spray arrangement into the muscles. Nutrition is supplied by good blow flow bringing glucose, sodium, potassium, magnesium, oxygen and water. There are tiny power stations called mitochondria inside the cells of the muscles. The power stations need energy. Enzymes convert nutrition into energy. Co enzyme Q 10 is one of the key enzymes that enable energy production. The unit or currency of energy transfer is ATP or adenosine -5- triphospate.
Muscle fatigue is caused by:
Poor circulation or blood flow
Overusing muscles that you are not used to using
Medications that affect the production of Co enzyme Q 10
Dehydration and low electrolyte levels
Poor breathing or anything that prevents oxygen from reaching the muscles (hypoxia)
Old damage to muscle fibres from past injuries
Diabetes or any other condition that affects the circulation
Damage to the nervous system that stops the muscles from relaxing. A stroke for instance will 'switch on' the flexor muscles that bend the joints.
Once when I was walking in the Bavarian Alps I suffered from heat stroke. After 8 hours of steep walking in hot sunshine I started to sweat profusely through my head. Being totally alone on a mountain pass I stopped to try and drink. I felt waves of nausea every time that I tried to drink water. In my first aid kit was a pot of soda bicarbonate mixed with salt. I made myself lick the dry mixture. Within a few minutes I could eat a bowl of muesli with rich Alpine milk. That and some water kept me going for another four hours of steep walking with a 20 kg rucksack. Next time I will leave more kit behind.
Muscles also go into spasm as a protective measure. If we suddenly slip when doing something we make tiny changes to the bones that anchor the muscles. The muscles are put under a sudden strain. The brain perceives that the ligaments that bind the joints together will be strain and splints the joints. The only splint available is the muscles. Ligament pain is acute and disabling. The body needs careful re-alignment to enable the muscles to relax. That is why I am never out of work!
Muscles are tiny spindles linked together by proteins that slide over each other. They are enclosed in a bag or sheath called fascia. It is the whitish elastic stuff that you see if you carve a leg or shoulder of lamb.
Muscles spindles need a nerve supply and nutrition. The nerve endings form a kind of flower spray arrangement into the muscles. Nutrition is supplied by good blow flow bringing glucose, sodium, potassium, magnesium, oxygen and water. There are tiny power stations called mitochondria inside the cells of the muscles. The power stations need energy. Enzymes convert nutrition into energy. Co enzyme Q 10 is one of the key enzymes that enable energy production. The unit or currency of energy transfer is ATP or adenosine -5- triphospate.
Muscle fatigue is caused by:
Poor circulation or blood flow
Overusing muscles that you are not used to using
Medications that affect the production of Co enzyme Q 10
Dehydration and low electrolyte levels
Poor breathing or anything that prevents oxygen from reaching the muscles (hypoxia)
Old damage to muscle fibres from past injuries
Diabetes or any other condition that affects the circulation
Damage to the nervous system that stops the muscles from relaxing. A stroke for instance will 'switch on' the flexor muscles that bend the joints.
Once when I was walking in the Bavarian Alps I suffered from heat stroke. After 8 hours of steep walking in hot sunshine I started to sweat profusely through my head. Being totally alone on a mountain pass I stopped to try and drink. I felt waves of nausea every time that I tried to drink water. In my first aid kit was a pot of soda bicarbonate mixed with salt. I made myself lick the dry mixture. Within a few minutes I could eat a bowl of muesli with rich Alpine milk. That and some water kept me going for another four hours of steep walking with a 20 kg rucksack. Next time I will leave more kit behind.
Muscles also go into spasm as a protective measure. If we suddenly slip when doing something we make tiny changes to the bones that anchor the muscles. The muscles are put under a sudden strain. The brain perceives that the ligaments that bind the joints together will be strain and splints the joints. The only splint available is the muscles. Ligament pain is acute and disabling. The body needs careful re-alignment to enable the muscles to relax. That is why I am never out of work!
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